Beyond The Hype The Real Limits of AI

OpenAI CEO Sam Altman (left) and cognitive scientist Gary Marcus. (images by IMAGO/Rod Lamkey and TechCrunch at Flickr)

The GPT-5 Disappointment and a Critic's Vindication

The recent release of OpenAI’s GPT-5 was met not with universal awe, but with a wave of disappointment and deflation across the tech world. This reaction has brought renewed attention to the persistent warnings of cognitive scientist Gary Marcus. For years, Marcus has been a Silicon Valley gadfly, cautioning against the heady narrative pushed by figures like OpenAI CEO Sam Altman. His core critique targets the fundamental fragility of deep learning and the large language models (LLMs) it powers.

Marcus argues that LLMs are data-hungry, brute-force systems that create an illusion of understanding. They don't actually comprehend language in any meaningful way. Instead, these powerful machines are just incredibly sophisticated pattern-matchers, using vast computational resources to predict the next word in a sequence based on statistical probability. While the results are often dazzling, confusing this surface-level fluency with genuine intelligence or consciousness is a philosophical mistake rooted in our tendency to anthropomorphize.

Echoes of the Past Hubert Dreyfus's AI Realism

Marcus's skepticism is not without historical precedent. He stands on the shoulders of Hubert Dreyfus, a philosopher who became a pariah in the AI community of the 1980s. Back then, the hype was focused on "expert systems," a form of symbolic logic AI also known as GOFAI (good old fashioned AI).

In his 1965 RAND report and his influential 1972 book, What Computers Can’t Do, Dreyfus argued that real intelligence is not about following rules or manipulating symbols. Drawing from philosophers like Heidegger, he contended that human expertise comes from being embodied and situated in the world—a kind of intuitive "know-how" that a disembodied machine could never replicate. His critics at institutions like MIT saw thinking as abstract problem-solving, but Dreyfus insisted that this approach would always miss the pre-reflective, intuitive grasp of meaning that defines human cognition.

Just as Dreyfus pointed out the flaws in GOFAI, Marcus highlights the flawed assumptions behind modern LLMs. Both argue that no machine, regardless of its power, can achieve human-like insight as long as it remains disconnected from the physical, context-rich world we inhabit.

A Tale of Two Hemispheres How The Brain Understands Reality

Philosopher and neuroscientist Iain McGilchrist’s hemisphere theory adds another powerful layer to this critique. McGilchrist moves beyond simplistic "left brain vs. right brain" pop psychology to argue that the two hemispheres offer radically different ways of attending to the world.

The right hemisphere provides a holistic view. It sees things as unique, interconnected, and ever-changing. It is the source of our sense of depth, ambiguity, beauty, and moral significance. This mode of perception is richer and more truthful, allowing us to participate in the world rather than just observe it. It is essential for anything that truly matters, like relationships, meaning, and deep, intuitive understanding.

The left hemisphere, by contrast, offers a fragmented and decontextualized vision of reality. Its goal is control and manipulation. It breaks the world down into static, isolated parts, stripping away nuance and emotion to create abstract representations. This mode is confident and clear, but its clarity comes at the cost of depth. It reduces things like beauty and empathy to mere calculations. While this is a necessary tool for navigating a complex world, it is a poor guide to meaning.

AI as the Ultimate Left-Brain Tool

These two modes of perception are not equal. The left hemisphere depends on the right to first present the world as a living whole, from which it can then abstract its simplified maps. At the end of the process, the right hemisphere is needed again to reintegrate those maps back into the context of reality and give them meaning.

Critically, the right hemisphere understands the role of the left, but the left hemisphere is blind to the importance of the right. It tends to dismiss, deny, or devalue what it cannot categorize or measure. This provides a powerful analogy for understanding AI.

Artificial intelligence is, in many ways, the ultimate left-hemisphere tool. Our attempts to model intelligence are inherently shaped by the part of our brain that represents, abstracts, and makes things explicit. AI is brilliant at creating detailed maps of language and logic, but we forget that the map is not the territory.

Like an isolated left hemisphere, AI excels at speed and abstraction but is prone to delusion and confabulation when left to its own devices. It operates on pre-digested symbols and statistical correlations that stand in for reality but never truly disclose it. Machines can manipulate language, but they cannot grasp meaning. They can infer patterns, but not significance. They dazzle with fluency but inevitably flatten everything they touch.

More Than a Technical Glitch A Philosophical Wake-Up Call

Viewed through this lens, the disappointment surrounding GPT-5 is not a technical problem to be solved in the next iteration. It is a profound philosophical wake-up call.

The persistent hype around AGI and machine consciousness is based on a fundamental misunderstanding of the mind. As Dreyfus argued decades ago, a machine cannot think like a human as long as it is disembodied and ignorant of context. McGilchrist's work shows us why: our very approach to building AI is a product of the hemisphere that abstracts and represents, but cannot see the whole picture.

AI, like our own left hemisphere, can construct brilliant maps, but it is blind to the terrain. If we are to use these powerful technologies wisely, they must serve a broader human purpose. They must be guided by the right hemisphere’s mode of attention—where reality is encountered in all its richness, not just processed. Otherwise, we risk amplifying an already dominant left-hemispheric worldview, making ourselves blind to the very things that make us human.